As a raw carnivore the most common question I get asked is whether eating raw meat will make you sick.

People immediately assume I’m at high risk of food-borne illnesses like E. Coli, Salmonella, Listeria, and more. On top of that, they ask or assume I have parasites, worms, or other microbial infections as a result of eating raw meat.

Curiously, nobody was ever concerned when I ate mountains of raw produce or pre-packaged foods before I became a carnivore, the most common sources of food-borne illness.

What does the data say?

I try to base my life-decisions on good research, so below you’ll find data outlining the available reports of various food-borne illnesses and their source, including case and death rates.

*I think a lot of the data will surprise you, except the Listeria one which will probably line up with your long-held beliefs about the danger of raw foods (she’s a real doozy!).

YearFood SourcePrepMeat?Cases / Deaths
12022FishFreshYes33 / 0
2Peanut ButterPre-packagedNo21 / 0
32021Salami SticksPre-packagedYes34 / 0
4Seafood (Raw and Cooked)RestaurantsYes115 / 0
5OnionsRawNo1,040 / 0
6Italian Style MeatsPre-packagedYes40 / 0
7Pre-packaged SaladsPre-packagedNo31 / 0
8Frozen Cooked ShrimpPre-packagedYes9 / 0
9Raw Frozen Breaded Stuffed Chicken ProductsPre-packagedYes36 / 0
10Cashew BriePre-packagedNo20 / 0
11Ground TurkeyPre-packagedYes33 / 0
122020Wood Ear MushroomsRestaurantNo55 / 0
13PeachesPre-packagedNo101 / 0
14OnionsRawNo1,127 / 0
152019Cut FruitPre-packagedNo14 / 0
16Ground BeefPre-packagedYes13 / 1
17PapayasRawNo81 / 0
18TahiniPre-packagedNo6 / 0
19OystersRawYes16 / 0
20Tuna (Sushi)Restaurants / GroceryYes15 / 0
21Pre-Cut MelonPre-packagedNo137 / 0
22Ground TurkeyPre-packagedYes7 / 0
232018TahiniPre-packagedNo8 / 0
24Unknown (possibly Cake Mix)UnknownUnk7 / 0
25Chicken ProductsUnknownYes129 / 1
26Ground BeefPre-packagedYes403 / 0
27Shell EggsPre-packagedYes44 / 0
28Kosher Chicken ProductsUnknownYes25 / 1
29Turkey ProductsPre-packagedYes358 / 1
30Pasta SaladPre-packagedUnk101 / 0
31CerealPre-packagedNo135 / 0
32Pre-Cut MelonPre-packagedNo77 / 0
33Shell EggsPre-packagedYes45 / 0
34Dried CoconutBulk BinsNo14 / 0
35Chicken SaladGrocery DeliYes265 / 1
36KratomUnkNo199 / 0
37Raw SproutsRestaurantsNo10 / 0
38Frozen Shredded CoconutPre-packagedNo27 / 0
392017PapayasRawNo451 / 2
402016Shell EggsPre-packagedYes8 / 0
41Alfalfa SproutsPre-packagedNo36 / 0
42PistachiosPre-packagedNo11 / 0
43Alfalfa SproutsPre-packagedNo26 / 0
44Vegan Meal Replacement ShakesPre-packagedNo33 / 0
452015Nut Butter SpreadsPre-packagedNo13 / 0
46CucumbersRawNo907 / 6
47PorkPre-packagedYes192 / 0
48Frozen Stuffed Chicken EntreesPre-packagedYes5 / 0
49Frozen Stuffed Chicken EntreesPre-packagedYes15 / 0
50Tuna (Sushi)Restaurants / GroceryYes65 / 0
512014CucumbersRawNo275 / 1
52Bean SproutsRestaurants / GroceryNo115 / 0
53Nut ButterPre-packagedNo6 / 0
54Chia PowderPre-packagedNo31 / 0
552013Processed ChickenPre-packagedYes9 / 0
56Raw Cashew CheesePre-packagedNo17 / 0
57Rotisserie ChickenPre-packagedYes634 / 0
58TahiniPre-packagedNo16 / 1
59CucumbersRawNo18 / 0
60ChickenPre-packagedYes134 / 0
61Ground BeefPre-packagedYes22 / 0
622012Peanut ButterPre-packagedNo42 / 0
63MangoesRawNo127 / 0
64CantaloupeRawNo261 / 3
65Ground BeefGrocery ChainYes46 / 0
66Tuna ScrapePre-packagedYes425 / 0
67Mexican Restaurant ChainRestaurantsUnk68 / 0
682011Ground BeefGrocery ChainYes20 / 0
69Kosher Broiled Chicken LiversPre-packagedYes190 / 0
70Turkish Pine NutsPre-packagedNo43 / 0
71Ground TurkeyPre-packagedYes136 / 1
72PapayaRawNo106 / 0
73SproutsPre-packagedNo25 / 0
74Turkey BurgersPre-packagedYes12 / 0
75CantaloupeRawNo20 / 0
762010Alfalfa SproutsPre-packagedNo140 / 0
77Shell EggsPre-packagedYesUnknown
78Frozen Chicken & Rice EntreesPre-packagedYes44 / 0
79Frozen Fruit PulpPre-packagedNo9 / 0
80Mexican Restaurant ChainRestaurantsUnk75 / 0
81Alfalfa SproutsPre-packagedNo44 / 0
82Italian-Style MeatsPre-packagedYes272 / 0
832009Alfalfa SproutsPre-packagedNo235 / 0
84Peanut ButterPre-packagedNo714 / 9
85PistachiosPre-packagedNoUnknown
862008Raw ProduceRawNo1,442 / 2
87Rice & Wheat Puff CerealPre-packagedNo28 / 0
88CantaloupeRawNo51 / 0
892007Pot PiesPre-packagedUnk272 / 0
90Veggie SnackPre-packagedNo65 / 0
91Peanut ButterPre-packagedNo425 / 0
922006TomatoesRestaurantsNo183 / 0
24 deaths from produce sources.
6 deaths from meat sources.
34 out of 92 cases involved meat or animal products.
Source: Centers for Disease Control Website on November 3, 2022.
YearFood SourcePrepMeat?Cases / Deaths
12022Frozen FalafelPre-packagedNo20 / 0
2Ground BeefPre-packagedYes7 / 0
3Unknown (possibly Wendy’s)UnknownUnk109 / 0
42021Packaged SaladsPre-packagedNo10 / 1
5Baby SpinachPre-packagedNo15 / 0
6Cake MixPre-packagedNo16 / 0
7UnknownUnknownUnk22 / 1
82020Unknown (possibly Romaine Lettuce)UnknownUnk18 / 0
9Leafy GreensPre-packagedNo40 / 0
10UnknownUnknownUnk32 / 1
11Clover SproutsRawNo51 / 0
122019Chopped Salad KitsPre-packagedNo10 / 0
13Romaine LettuceRawNo167 / 0
14Northfork BisonPre-packagedYes33 / 0
15FlourPre-packagedNo21 / 0
16Ground BeefRestaurantsYes209 / 0
172018Romaine LettuceRawNo62 / 0
18Ground BeefPre-packagedYes18 / 1
19Romaine LettuceRawNo210 / 5
202017Leafy Greens (Romaine Lettuce)Pre-packagedNo25 / 1
21SoyNut ButterPre-packagedNo32 / 0
222016Beef ProductsPre-packagedYes11 / 0
23FlourPre-packagedNo63 / 0
24Alfalfa SproutsPre-packagedNo11 / 0
252015Costco Rotisserie Chicken SaladPre-packaged, cookedYes19 / 0
26Chipotle Mexican Grill RestaurantsRestaurantsUnk55 / 0
272014Raw Clover SproutsRawNo19 / 0
28Ground BeefPre-packagedYes12 / 0
292013Ready-to-Eat SaladsPre-packagedNo33 / 0
30Frozen Food ProductsPre-packagedUnk35 / 0
312012Organic Spinach and Spring MixPre-packagedNo33 / 0
32UnknownUnknownUnk18 / 1
33Raw Clover Sprouts at Jimmy John’s RestaurantsRestaurantsNo29 / 0
342011Romaine LettuceGrocery Store Salad BarsNo58 / 0
35Lebanon BolognaCooked, pre-packagedYes14 / 0
36In-Shell HazelnutsBulk BinsNo8 / 0
372010CheesePre-packagedNo38 / 0
38Shredded Romaine LettucePre-packagedNo33 / 0
39Blade Tenderized Beef SteaksRestaurantsYes21 / 0
40Ground BeefPre-packagedYes26 / 2
41Beef ProductsPre-packagedYes17 / 0
422009Prepackaged Cookie DoughPre-packagedYes51 / 0
432008Ground BeefPre-packagedYes49 / 0
442007Totino’s and Jeno’s Frozen PizzaPre-packagedYes21 / 0
45Topp’s Brand Ground Beef PattiesPre-packagedYes40 / 0
462006Taco BellRestaurantsUnk71 / Unk
47Fresh SpinachPre-packagedNo199 / 3
13 deaths from produce or unknown sources.
3 deaths from pre-packaged ground beef.
14 out of 47 cases involved meat. All pre-packaged or from chain restaurants.
Source: Centers for Disease Control Website on November 3, 2022.
YearFood SourcePrepMeat?Cases / Deaths
12022Brie & Camembert CheesesPre-packagedYes6 / 0
2Ice CreamPre-packagedYes28 / 1
32021Fresh Express Salad MixPre-packagedNo10 / 1
4Dole Salad MixPre-packagedNo18 / 3
5Cooked ChickenPre-packagedYes3 / 1
6Queso FrescoPre-packagedYes13 / 1
72020Deli MeatsPre-packagedYes12 / 1
8Enoki MushroomsRawNo36 / 4
92019Hard-Boiled EggsPre-packagedYes8 / 1
10UnknownUnknownUnk24 / 2
11Deli-Sliced Meats & CheesesDeliYes10 / 1
122018Pork ProductsPre-packagedYes4 / 0
13Deli HamDeliYes4 / 1
142017Soft Raw Milk CheesePre-packagedYes8 / 2
152016Frozen VegetablesPre-packagedNo9 / 3
16Raw Milk ProductPre-packagedYes2 / 1
17Packaged SaladsPre-packagedNo9 / 1
182015Soft CheesesPre-packagedYes30 / 3
19Ice CreamPre-packagedYes10 / 3
202014Mass-Produced Caramel ApplesPre-packagedNo35 / 7
21Bean SproutsPre-packagedNo0 / 0
22CheesePre-packagedYes0 / 0
23Cheese ProductsPre-packagedYes8 / 1
242013Cheese ProductsPre-packagedYes6 / 1
252012Ricotta Salata CheesePre-packagedYes22 / 4
262011CantaloupesRawNo147 / 33
Source: Centers for Disease Control Website on November 3, 2022.
Listeria is most lethal to pregnant women and those with an already-weakened immune system. Learn more.
YearFood SourcePrepMeat?Cases / Death
12022Organic StrawberriesFreshNo19 / 0
22016Frozen StrawberriesPre-packagedNo143 / 0
3Frozen ScallopsPre-packagedNoUnknown
42013Pomegranate SeedsPre-packagedNo165 / 0
Source: Centers for Disease Control Website on November 3, 2022.
YearSourcePrepMeat?Cases / Deaths
12019Pet Store Puppiesn/an/a56 / 0
22016-2018Pet Store Puppiesn/an/a113 / 0
32014Milk ProductsPre-packagedYes99 / 1
42012Obstacle Adventure Racen/an/a22 / 0
5Chicken Liver PâtéRestaurant2* / 0
62011Drinking WaterUntreatedNo26 / 0
*Presumed cases, not confirmed.
Source: Centers for Disease Control Website on November 3, 2022.
YearFood SourcePrepMeat?Cases / Deaths
12020Bagged Salad MixPre-packagedNo701 / 0
22019Fresh BasilRawNo241 / 0
32018McDonald’s Salad MixPre-packagedNo511 / 0
4Vegetable TraysPre-packagedNo250 / 0
52017UnknownUnknownUnk1,065 / 0
62016UnknownUnknownUnk384 / 0
72015UnknownUnknownUnk546 / 0
82014CilantroRawNo304 / 0
92013Fresh ProduceRawNo631 / 0
Source: Centers for Disease Control Website on November 3, 2022.

TL;DR the data above

Okay, let’s sum up some of the extensive data above for you Scroll and Rolls™️((You’re welcome.)):

From the data, you’re actually less likely to get food-borne illnesses eating raw meat, eggs, or dairy, than eating pre-packaged food of any form, including raw produce! Let’s take a look. ?

Salmonella 2006-2022

  • 49 cases and 0 deaths attributed to raw meat, eggs, or dairy
  • 5906 cases and 14 deaths attributed to raw produce
  • 3646 cases and 6 deaths attributed to pre-packaged / restaurant-served meat, eggs, or dairy
  • 3429 cases and 10 deaths attributed to pre-packaged / restaurant-served produce

E. Coli 2006-2022

  • 0 cases and 0 deaths attributed to raw meat, eggs, or dairy
  • 509 cases and 5 deaths attributed to raw produce
  • 586 cases and 3 deaths attributed to pre-packaged / restaurant-served meat, eggs, or dairy
  • 698 cases and 5 deaths attributed to pre-packaged / restaurant-served produce

Listeria 2011-2022

  • 0 cases and 0 deaths attributed to raw meat, eggs, or dairy
  • 183 cases and 37 deaths attributed to raw produce
  • 183 cases and 22 deaths attributed to pre-packaged / restaurant-served meat, eggs, or dairy
  • 81 cases and 19 deaths attributed to pre-packaged / restaurant-served produce

Look out for the Strawberries and Pomegranate Seeds if you want to avoid contracting Hepatitis A.

99 cases and 1 death have been reported due to a Campylobacter outbreak attributed to pre-packaged milk products. Statistically speaking, you’re more likely to get Campylobacter from pet store puppies, outdoor obstacle races involving mud, or drinking untreated water (combined, responsible for 217 reported cases).

Cyclospora outbreaks have only ever been attributed to produce.

The only thing safer than eating raw meat, eggs, and dairy, is to become a Breatharian.

Why are humans susceptible to food-borne infections at all?

So if the problem isn’t raw meat, eggs, and dairy but actually produce and pre-packaged or cooked meat, eggs, and dairy… what is going on? Aren’t plants healthy?! Doesn’t cooking kill bad bacteria?!

Does native grass make cattle sick? Do antelope make lions ill? Do crocodiles die from eating wild animals?

We know that feeding non-native grasses that have been engineered to grow rapidly in the spring to cattle can make them sick with Tetany.

Interestingly, it’s normal for many carnivores to hunt the injured and sick animals in a herd, like mountain lions who target deer with Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD). If raw meat or sick animals cause disease why aren’t these carnivores dropping over dead eating their native diet?

And the acidity of the human stomach is closer to animals like the Buzzard and Vulture, scavengers that eat decaying animals.

Human Stomach pH Compared to Other Animals

Gastric acidity is likely a key factor shaping the diversity and composition of microbial communities found in the vertebrate gut. The study conducted a systematic review to test the hypothesis that a key role of the vertebrate stomach is to maintain the gut microbial community by filtering out novel microbial taxa before they pass into the intestines. The study proposes that species feeding either on carrion or on organisms that are close phylogenetic relatives should require the most restrictive filter (measured as high stomach acidity) as protection from foreign microbes. Conversely, species feeding on a lower trophic level or on food that is distantly related to them (e.g. herbivores) should require the least restrictive filter, as the risk of pathogen exposure is lower. Comparisons of stomach acidity across trophic groups in mammal and bird taxa show that scavengers and carnivores have significantly higher stomach acidities compared to herbivores or carnivores feeding on phylogenetically distant prey such as insects or fish. In addition, the study found when stomach acidity varies within species either naturally (with age) or in treatments such as bariatric surgery, the effects on gut bacterial pathogens and communities are in line with our hypothesis that the stomach acts as an ecological filter. Together these results highlight the importance of including measurements of gastric pH when investigating gut microbial dynamics within and across species.

The Evolution of Stomach Acidity and Its Relevance to the Human Microbiome – Beasley, Koltz, Lambert, Fierer, Dunn (2015)
Common NameTrophic GrouppH
Common BuzzardObligate Scavenger1.1
White Backed VultureObligate Scavenger1.2
Common Pied OystercatcherGeneralist Carnivore1.2
Bald EagleFacultative Scavenger1.3
Barn OwlFacultative Scavenger1.3
Little OwlFacultative Scavenger1.3
Common CrowObligate Scavenger1.3
Common MoorhenOmnivore1.4
HumansOmnivore?1.5
FerretGeneralist Carnivore1.5
Wandering AlbatrossObligate Scavenger1.5
PossumFacultative Scavenger1.5
Black-Headed GullFacultative Scavenger1.5
Common KestrellGeneralist Carnivore1.5
Swainson’s HawkFacultative Scavenger1.6
BeaverHerbivore / Hindgut1.7
American BitternFacultative Scavenger1.7
Grey FalconFacultative Scavenger1.8
Peregrine FalconFacultative Scavenger1.8
Red Tailed HawkFacultative Scavenger1.8
RabbitHerbivore / Foregut1.9
Common StarlingSpecialist Carnivore / Insect2.0
Cynomolgus MonkeyOmnivore2.1
Mallard DuckOmnivore2.2
Magellanic PenguinSpecialist Carnivore / Fish2.3
Bottlenose DolphinsSpecialist Carnivore / Fish2.3
Gentoo PenguinSpecialist Carnivore / Fish2.5
Snowy OwlGeneralist Carnivore2.5
Domesticated PigOmnivore2.6
Woylie Brush Tailed BettongGeneralist Carnivore2.8
King PenguinsOmnivore2.9
Great CormorantHerbivore / Hindgut3.0
Great Horned OwlSpecialist Carnivore / Fish3.1
RhinoSpecialist Carnivore / Fish3.3
ElephantGeneralist Carnivore3.3
Southern Hairy Nosed WombatHerbivore / Hindgut3.3
Skyes MonkeyHerbivore / Hindgut3.4
Crab-Eating MacaqueHerbivore / Hindgut3.6
CatOmnivore3.6
BaboonOmnivore3.7
ChickenSpecialist Carnivore / Insect3.7
MouseOmnivore3.8
OxHerbivore / Foregut4.2
Guinea PigHerbivore / Foregut4.3
HippoHerbivore / Foregut4.4
RatOmnivore4.4
HorseHerbivore / Foregut4.4
Howler MonkeyHerbivore / Hindgut4.5
DogFacultative Scavenger4.5((I’m curious if this was measured from wild dogs eating their native diet or domesticated dogs eating kibble.))
PorcupineHerbivore / Foregut4.5
SheepHerbivore / Foregut4.7
GerbilHerbivore / Foregut4.7
HamsterHerbivore / Foregut4.9
Common Pipistrelle BatSpecialist Carnivore / Insect5.1
Minke WhaleSpecialist Carnivore / Fish5.3
Brocket DeerHerbivore / Foregut5.5
Collared PeccaryHerbivore / Foregut5.8
Langur MonkeyHerbivore / Foregut5.9
Silver Leafed MonkeyHerbivore / Foregut5.9
Shetland PoniesHerbivore / Hindgut5.9
Colobus MonkeyHerbivore / Foregut6.3
CamelHerbivore / Foregut6.4
EchidnaSpecialist Carnivore / Insect6.8
MacropodidHerbivore / Foregut6.9
LlamaHerbivore / Foregut7.0
GuanacoHerbivore / Foregut7.3

Maybe humans aren’t actually omnivores? Maybe our native diet IS raw meat, eggs, and dairy… and eating produce and cooked, pre-packaged, foods are causing us to become sick.

The Expensive Brain Hypothesis as discussed by Dr. Michael Eades shows evidence for how humans evolved by eating meat, not plants, in order to develop such a large brain.
I also recommend these videos if you’re curious to hear more on the topic.

Is the answer in our stomach acidity?

In the table above we can see that the human stomach has a pH of 1.5.

But how does the human stomach behave when eating an omnivorous diet? One study showed the pH of the stomach after eating a “standard meal” was between 3.3 and 5.3. Most infectious bacteria can thrive at a pH of 4.0, so this is very concerning.

FDA’s Guidance for Industry describes a “standard breakfast,” as applicable to food
effect studies. The standard breakfast takes the form of, “Thirty minutes before
drug administration, each subject should consume a standardized, high fat content
meal consisting of one buttered English muffin, one fried egg, one slice of American
cheese, one slice of Canadian bacon, one serving of hash brown potatoes, eight fluid
oz. (240 mL) of whole milk, six fluid oz. (180 mL) of orange juice.”

Intragastric pH and pressure profiles after intake of the high-caloric, high-fat meal as used for food effect studies Koziolek [2015] et al.

In the same study it took 4 hours after the meal for the stomach to regain a pH of 0 – 1, and the stomach still hadn’t emptied before lunch time arrived 6 hours after breakfast.

Imagine giving opportunistic bacteria 4-6 hours (or longer) in their ideal pH environment before emptying into the small intestine, which has a pH range of 5.7 – 7.4.

No wonder it’s estimated 80% of people with IBS have SIBO (small intestine bacteria overgrowth), and the number of “healthy” people with SIBO is completely unreported.

And what about the number of people suffering from systemic yeast or Candida overgrowth? Fun fact, the vagina is slightly acidic when healthy and becomes more alkaline when suffering from yeast overgrowth.

The most absurd cure…

One researcher proposes we need to “fix” the stomach acidity problem of the human body, making it less acidic in order to solve indigestion issues like heartburn, GERD, ulcers, etc.

They also propose it would do no harm to bypass stomach digestion of food altogether and leave that task up to the small intestine alone. What kind of madness is this?

We can intake almost ordinary food even after total gastrectomy, although we need to take food in small increments since the stomach cannot hold food. We are able to do so because the small intestine can digest and absorb food using various digestive enzymes without digestion in the stomach. Although impaired absorption of vitamins and minerals occurs due to the evolved absorption system of humans, the small intestine can still digest food. We captured how solid food is digested in the small intestine using capsule endoscopy and found that not only carbohydrates and meat but also the cytoplasm of plants are absorbed in the small intestine[5]. In other words, we endoscopically confirmed that the passage of current formed food through the stomach does not influence digestion in the small intestine. Because a patient who takes PPIs does not have any major digestive/absorption problems, the importance of gastric acid in the digestive system of humans is thought to be low. Nevertheless, the gastric acid level of humans is considerably high compared to that of many other animals.

Shunji Fujimori (2020) Gastric acid level of humans must decrease in the future

This reminds me of how common it was in the 1700s to cut off the horse’s tongue((If they wouldn’t stop sticking it out of their mouth.)) instead of being less abusive to their animal.

Why do we constantly believe the human body is the one at fault?

Perhaps the human body isn’t flawed at all, we just keep feeding it the wrong foods.

If we are accustomed to eating a diet that causes our stomach pH to be not only hospitable but ideal for infectious disease the danger isn’t in eating raw meat. The danger lies with eating “standard” meals that make us vulnerable to illness.

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One Comment

  1. Very nice article. Thank you. Very logical explanation to understand why we got infections in the small intestine. We surely have to eat foods that maintain the acidity of our stomach.

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